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The main factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction are. . .
Temperature - Concentration - Surface Area - and the presence of a Catalyst.
Other factors include the chemical nature of the reactants, pressure for gaseous reactions, and the intensity of light or other forms of radiation.
Temperature: Increasing the temperature gives particles more kinetic energy, causing them to move faster and collide more frequently and with greater force, which increases the rate of reaction.
Concentration: A higher concentration of reactants means there are more particles in a given volume, leading to more frequent collisions and a faster reaction rate.
Surface Area: For solids, increasing the surface area (e.g., by breaking a large lump into smaller pieces) exposes more particles to the other reactants, increasing the frequency of collisions and the reaction rate.
Catalyst: A catalyst is a substance that enables a reaction to happen without being consumed itself by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.
Pressure: For reactions involving gases, increasing the pressure is equivalent to increasing the concentration, leading to more frequent collisions and a faster reaction rate.
Nature of Reactants: Some substances are naturally more reactive than others due to factors like bond strength and the physical state of the reactants.
Electromagnetic Radiation: Some reactions are enabled by absorbing energy from electromagnetic waves, such as Ultra Violet light.
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